![]() Some, however, use gender-denying interventions such as conversion therapy to align gender identity with sex. To treat gender dysphoria, health professionals typically use gender-affirming interventions such as hormone therapy to align gender expression with identity. Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria, which is psychological distress arising from a mismatch between how a person expresses their gender identity and the social norms of their sex assigned at birth. We found that supportive family environments and hormone replacement therapy that affirms a transgender child’s gender identity decrease their risk of suicide or running away from home, whereas unsupportive family environments and conversion therapy that denies their gender identity increase these risks. The group that has not yet started treatment acts as a control group, providing credible estimates of the effect of treatment. ![]() We compare people who initiate an intervention with those who initiate the same intervention one year later. Transgender Survey, which includes responses from over 27,000 trans adults across the nation. To assess cause and effect, we used a method commonly used in economics, policy analysis and health policy research called an event study. Along with our colleagues Duc Hien Nguyen and Yana Rodgers, we are economics and health policy researchers who study the health and economic outcomes of marginalized populations, including LGBTQ+ communities. Our research team was able to address these study design issues directly. The mental health improvement they experienced may partially be due to living in a gender-affirming family environment rather than the effects of hormone therapy alone. However, because this treatment requires parental approval, teens who receive hormone therapy may have more supportive families than those who do not. Studies using this approach have linked hormone therapy with positive mental health outcomes for trans teens. In lieu of randomized control trials, researchers often retrospectively compare people who have received an intervention with those who did not. However, because it is unethical to withhold treatment or administer potential harmful interventions, randomized controls trials are off the table in this case. Random assignment is a trusted way to create two equal groups to compare. ![]() To establish whether something causes an outcome, researchers typically rely on randomized control trials – experiments that randomly assign people to a treatment or a placebo. Prior research has been unable to tease out cause and effect between health outcomes and gender-affirming care like hormone therapy or gender-denying interventions like conversion therapy, largely because of a lack of longitudinal data or an appropriate control group. In this political climate, gold-standard evidence is more important than ever. Samaritans Enterprises is a private limited company (01451175).As states continue to introduce laws that restrict access to gender-affirming care or limit protections against conversion therapy, questions have arisen about the effectiveness of interventions intended to help transgender youth. Samaritans in Scotland is a charity registered in Scotland (SC009843) and incorporated as a Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation. Samaritans Ireland is a charity registered in the Republic of Ireland (20033668) and incorporated in the Republic of Ireland as a company limited by guarantee (450409). Samaritans is a charity registered in England and Wales (219432) and in Scotland (SC040604) and incorporated in England and Wales as a company limited by guarantee (757372). If you could like to make a donation, you can contact our Supporter Care team on If you need a response immediately, it's best to call us on the phone. We're here 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Samaritans We're sorry, our website is temporarily unavailable.
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